Globe

Events, -490–1930

1. 480 BC The battle of Salamis Salamis, Attica
2. 399 BC The trial and death of Socrates Athens
3. 375 BC Plato writes the Republic Athens
4. 335 BC Aristotle opens the Lyceum Lyceum, Athens
5. 323 BC Death of Alexander the Great Babylon
6. 44 BC The assassination of Julius Caesar Curia of Pompey, Rome
7. 98 Tacitus writes the Germania Rome
8. 325 The Council of Nicaea Nicaea (İznik)
9. 622 The Hijra Medina
10. 800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor St Peter’s, Rome
11. 1077 Henry IV at Canossa Canossa
12. 1099 The crusaders take Jerusalem Jerusalem
13. 1204 The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Constantinople
14. 1492 Columbus reaches the Americas Guanahani, the Bahamas
15. 1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince Sant’Andrea in Percussina
16. 1516 More’s Utopia is published Louvain (Leuven)
17. 1517 Machiavelli’s Discourses at the Orti Oricellari Orti Oricellari, Florence
18. 1517 Luther’s Ninety-five Theses Wittenberg
19. 1524 The German Peasants’ War Frankenhausen, Thuringia
20. 1618 The Thirty Years’ War Prague
21. 1625 Grotius publishes On the Law of War and Peace Paris
22. 1648 The Peace of Westphalia Münster
23. 1651 Hobbes’s Leviathan is published Andrew Crooke, St Paul’s Churchyard, London
24. 1677 Spinoza’s Ethics published after his death Amsterdam
25. 1688 The Glorious Revolution Brixham, Torbay
26. 1689 The Toleration Act Westminster, London
27. 1693 Locke publishes Some Thoughts Concerning Education A. and J. Churchill, Paternoster Row, London
28. 1714 Leibniz writes the Monadology Vienna
29. 1721 Montesquieu publishes the Persian Letters Amsterdam
30. 1723 The Fable of the Bees presented as a nuisance Westminster Hall, London
31. 1739 Hume publishes A Treatise of Human Nature John Noon, Cheapside, London
32. 1748 Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of Laws Geneva
33. 1748 Hume’s Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding published Andrew Millar, the Strand, London
34. 1751 Hume publishes An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals Andrew Millar, the Strand, London
35. 1752 Hume publishes the Political Discourses Edinburgh
36. 1755 Rousseau publishes the Discourse on Inequality Amsterdam
37. 1757 The Battle of Plassey Palashi, Bengal
38. 1758 Quesnay’s Tableau économique printed at Versailles Palace of Versailles
39. 1759 Smith publishes The Theory of Moral Sentiments Andrew Millar, the Strand, London
40. 1762 Émile condemned by the Parlement of Paris Palais de Justice, Paris
41. 1763 Adam Smith lectures on jurisprudence at Glasgow Old College, High Street, Glasgow
42. 1767 Ferguson publishes An Essay on the History of Civil Society Edinburgh
43. 1770 The Bengal famine Murshidabad, Bengal
44. 1772 The collapse of the Ayr Bank Ayr, Scotland
45. 1776 Paine publishes Common Sense Philadelphia
46. 1776 The Wealth of Nations is published Strahan and Cadell, the Strand, London
47. 1776 The American Declaration of Independence Philadelphia
48. 1781 Kant publishes the Critique of Pure Reason Königsberg
49. 1782 Rousseau’s Confessions are published Geneva
50. 1782 The Göttingen review of the Critique of Pure Reason Göttingen
51. 1785 Kant publishes the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Königsberg
52. 1787 The Federalist essays begin New York
53. 1788 Kant publishes the Critique of Practical Reason Königsberg
54. 1789 The Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly Hôtel des Menus-Plaisirs, Versailles
55. 1789 The French Revolution Paris
56. 1790 Kant publishes the Critique of Judgment Berlin
57. 1790 Burke publishes Reflections on the Revolution in France London
58. 1791 Paine publishes Rights of Man London
59. 1792 Wollstonecraft publishes A Vindication of the Rights of Woman London
60. 1793 Godwin publishes Political Justice Paternoster Row, London
61. 1793 Paine imprisoned in the Luxembourg Luxembourg Palace, Paris
62. 1798 Malthus’s Essay on Population is published Joseph Johnson, St Paul’s Churchyard, London
63. 1803 Say publishes the Treatise on Political Economy Paris
64. 1806 The battle of Jena Jena
65. 1812 Hegel publishes the Science of Logic Nuremberg
66. 1815 The Corn Law of 1815 Westminster, London
67. 1816 Owen opens the Institution for the Formation of Character New Lanark, Scotland
68. 1817 Ricardo’s Principles is published John Murray, Albemarle Street, London
69. 1817 Hegel publishes the Encyclopaedia Heidelberg
70. 1820 Hegel publishes the Philosophy of Right University of Berlin
71. 1822 Hegel’s lectures on the philosophy of history University of Berlin
72. 1825 The commercial crisis of 1825 City of London
73. 1830 The July Revolution Paris
74. 1832 The Great Reform Act Westminster, London
75. 1834 The New Poor Law Westminster, London
76. 1835 Tocqueville publishes Democracy in America Paris
77. 1835 The Beagle at the Galápagos Galápagos Islands
78. 1840 Proudhon’s What Is Property? is published Paris
79. 1841 List publishes The National System of Political Economy Stuttgart
80. 1841 Feuerbach publishes The Essence of Christianity Leipzig
81. 1842 The general strike of 1842 Stalybridge and Manchester
82. 1842 Engels in Manchester Manchester
83. 1844 The Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher Paris
84. 1844 Marx in Paris; Marx and Engels meet Paris
85. 1845 The railway mania and the crisis of 1847 Threadneedle Street, London
86. 1845 The Great Famine in Ireland Ireland
87. 1845 Douglass publishes his Narrative Boston
88. 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws Westminster, London
89. 1847 The Ten Hours Act Westminster, London
90. 1848 The Communist Manifesto is published Liverpool Street, London
91. 1848 The February Revolution in Paris Paris
92. 1848 Revolution in Vienna Vienna
93. 1848 The March Revolution in Berlin Berlin
94. 1848 Mill publishes Principles of Political Economy London
95. 1848 The Frankfurt National Assembly St Paul’s Church, Frankfurt
96. 1848 The Neue Rheinische Zeitung Cologne
97. 1848 The June Days Paris
98. 1851 Louis Bonaparte’s coup d’état Paris
99. 1852 The Cologne Communist Trial Cologne
100. 1856 Tocqueville publishes The Old Regime and the Revolution Paris
101. 1857 The Indian Rebellion Meerut
102. 1857 The crisis of 1857 Wall Street, New York
103. 1858 Darwin and Wallace at the Linnean Society Linnean Society, Burlington House, London
104. 1859 Mill publishes On Liberty London
105. 1859 Marx publishes A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Berlin
106. 1859 On the Origin of Species published John Murray, 50 Albemarle Street, London
107. 1860 The Oxford evolution debate Oxford University Museum
108. 1861 Maine publishes Ancient Law John Murray, Albemarle Street, London
109. 1861 The emancipation of the Russian serfs St. Petersburg
110. 1861 The American Civil War Fort Sumter, South Carolina
111. 1864 The International Working Men’s Association is founded St Martin’s Hall, London
112. 1865 McLennan publishes Primitive Marriage Edinburgh
113. 1865 Marx answers Weston on wages General Council of the International, 18 Greek Street, Soho, London
114. 1866 The Orissa famine Cuttack, Orissa
115. 1866 The International’s Geneva Congress Geneva
116. 1867 Capital, Volume I, is published Hamburg
117. 1869 Mill publishes The Subjection of Women London
118. 1870 The Franco-Prussian War Sedan
119. 1871 Darwin publishes The Descent of Man John Murray, 50 Albemarle Street, London
120. 1871 The Paris Commune Hôtel de Ville, Paris
121. 1872 The Hague Congress of the International The Hague
122. 1875 The Gotha Unity Congress Gotha
123. 1877 Morgan’s Ancient Society is published Rochester, New York
124. 1878 Bismarck’s Anti-Socialist Laws Reichstag, Berlin
125. 1879 Henry George publishes Progress and Poverty San Francisco
126. 1879 Bebel publishes Woman and Socialism Leipzig
127. 1883 Death of Marx Maitland Park, London
128. 1884 The Berlin Conference Berlin
129. 1885 Capital, Volume II published Hamburg
130. 1886 The Haymarket affair Haymarket Square, Chicago
131. 1889 The Second International is founded Paris
132. 1891 Leo XIII issues Rerum Novarum Vatican City
133. 1891 The Erfurt Programme Erfurt
134. 1892 Kropotkin publishes The Conquest of Bread Paris
135. 1894 Capital, Volume III published Hamburg
136. 1894 Engels on the peasant question Stuttgart
137. 1896 The St. Petersburg textile strikes St. Petersburg
138. 1896 The Second International’s London congress Queen’s Hall, London
139. 1898 The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party founded Minsk
140. 1899 Veblen publishes The Theory of the Leisure Class Chicago
141. 1899 Kautsky publishes The Agrarian Question J. H. W. Dietz, Stuttgart
142. 1899 The SPD’s Hanover congress rejects revisionism Hanover
143. 1899 The Anglo-Boer War Pretoria
144. 1900 The first issue of Iskra Leipzig
145. 1901 The Kazan Cathedral demonstration Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg
146. 1901 The “Unity” Congress of the émigré organisations Zurich
147. 1902 Hobson publishes Imperialism: A Study London
148. 1902 Kropotkin publishes Mutual Aid London
149. 1902 What Is to Be Done? published Stuttgart
150. 1903 Du Bois publishes The Souls of Black Folk Chicago
151. 1903 The Second Congress and the Bolshevik–Menshevik split London
152. 1904 Weber’s Protestant Ethic appears in the Archiv Heidelberg
153. 1904 Debs runs for president Chicago
154. 1905 The Russian Revolution of 1905 Palace Square, St. Petersburg
155. 1905 The Bolsheviks’ Third Congress and the Menshevik Conference London
156. 1905 Norway secedes from Sweden Storting, Christiania (Oslo)
157. 1905 The mutiny on the battleship Potemkin Odessa
158. 1905 The St Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies St Petersburg
159. 1909 Lenin’s Materialism and Empirio-criticism published Moscow
160. 1913 Beard publishes An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution New York
161. 1914 The First World War Sarajevo
162. 1914 Lenin reads Hegel in Bern Bern
163. 1917 The February Revolution Petrograd
164. 1917 Lenin returns to Petrograd: the April Theses Finland Station, Petrograd
165. 1917 Lenin in hiding writes The State and Revolution Helsingfors (Helsinki)
166. 1917 The October Revolution Winter Palace, Petrograd
167. 1918 The Constituent Assembly dissolved Tauride Palace, Petrograd
168. 1918 Lenin answers Kautsky Moscow
169. 1919 The Spartacist rising and the murder of Liebknecht and Luxemburg Berlin
170. 1919 The Communist International is founded Kremlin, Moscow
171. 1920 The Kapp Putsch Reich Chancellery, Wilhelmstraße, Berlin
172. 1920 The Second Congress of the Communist International Tauride Palace, Petrograd
173. 1920 The Communist Party of Great Britain is founded Cannon Street Hotel, London
174. 1922 The Soviet Union is founded Moscow
175. 1924 Death of Lenin Gorki
176. 1924 Stalin lectures on the Foundations of Leninism Sverdlov Communist University, Moscow