Bibliography

A complete edition of Marx’s works and letters has not yet been published. More of Marx’s works have been translated into Russian than into any other language. The following list of these works is arranged in chronological order. To 1841 belongs Marx’s dissertation on the philosophy of Epicurus (included in the posthumous edition, the Literary Remains, on which see below). In this dissertation Marx still stands entirely on the idealist-Hegelian point of view. To 1842 belong Marx’s articles in the Rheinische Zeitung (Cologne), especially his critique of the debates on the freedom of the press in the Sixth Rhine Provincial Assembly, then on the laws on the theft of wood, further, his defence of the liberation of politics from theology, and others (partly included in the Literary Remains). Here Marx’s transition from idealism to materialism and from revolutionary democracy to communism begins to appear. In 1844 the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, edited by Marx and Arnold Ruge, appeared in Paris, where this transition is finally completed. Particularly noteworthy are Marx’s articles “Introduction to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” (apart from the Literary Remains, there is a separate pamphlet edition) and “On the Jewish Question” (likewise; pamphlet in the Znanie edition, Cheap Library, No. 210). In 1845 Marx and Engels published together (in Frankfurt am Main) the pamphlet The Holy Family. Against Bruno Bauer and Co. (apart from the Literary Remains, there are two separate Russian pamphlet editions, by Novy Golos, St Petersburg, 1906, and by Vestnik Znaniya, St Petersburg, 1907). To the spring of 1845 belong Marx’s theses on Feuerbach (printed as an appendix to Fr. Engels’s pamphlet Ludwig Feuerbach; there is a Russian translation). In 1845–47 Marx wrote a number of articles (mostly not collected, not republished and not translated into Russian) in the newspapers Vorwärts, published in Paris, the Brüsseler Deutsche Zeitung (1847), Das Westphälische Dampfboot (Bielefeld, 1845–48) and Der Gesellschaftsspiegel (1846, Elberfeld). To 1847 belongs Marx’s fundamental work against Proudhon, published in Brussels and Paris: The Poverty of Philosophy. Answer to the “Philosophy of Poverty” of M. Proudhon (in Russian three editions by Novy Mir, one by G. Lvovich, one by Alekseyeva, one by Prosveshchenie, all in 1905–06). In 1848 the Speech on Free Trade was published in Brussels (there is a Russian translation), and then in London, in collaboration with Fr. Engels, the famous Manifesto of the Communist Party, translated into almost every language of Europe and into a number of languages elsewhere in the world (about eight Russian editions in 1905–06, by Molot, Kolokol, Alekseyeva and others, mostly confiscated, under various titles: The Communist Manifesto, On Communism, Social Classes and Communism, Capitalism and Communism, The Philosophy of History; for a complete and most accurate translation of this and of other works of Marx, see the editions published abroad, mostly by the Emancipation of Labour group). From 1 June 1848 to 19 May 1849 the Neue Rheinische Zeitung appeared in Cologne, its editor-in-chief being in fact Marx. Marx’s many articles in this paper, which remains to this day the best and unsurpassed organ of the revolutionary proletariat, have not been collected or republished in full. The most important are included in the Literary Remains. Marx’s articles from this paper, “Wage Labour and Capital”, have been published many times as a separate pamphlet (in Russian four editions, by Kozman, Molot, Myagkov and Lvovich, 1905–06). From the same paper: The Liberals in Power (Znanie edition, Cheap Library, No. 272, St Petersburg, 1906). In 1849 Marx published in Cologne Two Political Trials (two speeches in his own defence, on which the jury acquitted him of charges of a press offence and of incitement to armed resistance to the government; five Russian editions in 1905–06, by Alekseyeva, Molot, Myagkov, Znanie and Novy Mir). In 1850 Marx published in Hamburg six issues of the journal Neue Rheinische Zeitung. The most important articles from it are included in the Literary Remains. Particularly noteworthy are Marx’s articles republished by Engels in 1895 as a pamphlet: The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850 (Russian translation, M. Malykh edition, Library, Nos. 59–60; also in the collection Collected Historical Works, translated by Bazarov and Stepanov, Skirmunt edition, St Petersburg, 1906; also in Thoughts and Views on the Life of the Twentieth Century, St Petersburg, 1912). In 1852 Marx’s pamphlet The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte appeared in New York (Russian translation in the collections just named). In the same year, in London: Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne (Russian translation: The Cologne Trial of the Communards, No. 43 of the Popular Science Library, St Petersburg, 28 October 1906). From August 1851 to 1862 Marx was a regular contributor to the New York newspaper The New York Tribune, where many of his articles appeared unsigned, as editorials. Particularly noteworthy are the articles Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany, republished in German translation after the deaths of Marx and Engels (Russian translation in the two collections, translated by Bazarov and Stepanov, then as a separate pamphlet in five editions in 1905–06, by Alekseyeva, Obshchestvennaya Polza, Novy Mir, Vseobshchaya Biblioteka and Molot). Some of Marx’s articles in the Tribune were published in London as separate pamphlets, for example on Palmerston in 1856, Revelations of the Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century (on the constant venal dependence of the English ministers of the Liberal Party on Russia), and others. After Marx’s death his daughter Eleanor Aveling published a number of his Tribune articles on the Eastern question under the title The Eastern Question, London, 1897. Part has been translated into Russian: War and Revolution, vol. I. Marx and Engels: Unpublished Articles (1852, 1853, 1854), Kharkov, 1919 (Nasha Mysl Library). From the end of 1854 and throughout 1855 Marx contributed to the newspaper Neue Oder-Zeitung, and in 1861–62 to the Vienna newspaper Die Presse. These articles have not been collected and have appeared only in part in Die Neue Zeit, like many of Marx’s letters. The same applies to Marx’s articles in the newspaper Das Volk (London, 1859) on the diplomatic history of the Italian war of 1859. In 1859 Marx’s A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy appeared in Berlin (Russian translation, Moscow, 1896, edited by Manuilov, and St Petersburg, 1907, translated by Rumyantsev). In 1860 Marx’s pamphlet Herr Vogt appeared in London.

In 1864 the Address of the International Working Men’s Association, written by Marx, appeared in London (there is a Russian translation). Marx was the author of numerous manifestos, addresses and resolutions of the General Council of the International. All this material is still far from having been worked up or even collected. A first attempt at this work is G. Jaeckh’s book The International (Russian translation, St Petersburg, 1906, Znanie edition), which prints, among other things, some of Marx’s letters and draft resolutions written by him. Among the documents of the International written by Marx is the manifesto of the General Council on the Paris Commune, published in London in 1871 as a separate pamphlet under the title The Civil War in France (Russian translation edited by Lenin, Molot edition, and other editions). To the period 1862–74 belongs Marx’s correspondence with Kugelmann, a member of the International (two editions in Russian translation, one translated by A. Goikhbarg, the other edited by Lenin). In 1867 Marx’s chief work appeared in Hamburg: Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, vol. I. The second and third volumes were published after Marx’s death by Engels, in 1885 and 1894. Russian translations: vol. I in five editions (two translated by Danielson, 1872 and 1898; two translated by E. A. Gurvich and L. M. Zak, edited by Struve, first edition 1899, second 1905; one edited by Bazarov and Stepanov). Vols. II and III have appeared in Danielson’s translation (less satisfactory) and in the translation edited by Bazarov and Stepanov (the better one). In 1876 Marx took part in the writing of Engels’s Anti-Dühring (Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft), reading the whole work in manuscript and writing the entire chapter on the history of political economy.

After Marx’s death the following of his works were published: Critique of the Gotha Programme (St Petersburg, 1906; in German in Die Neue Zeit, 1890–91, No. 18). Wages, Price and Profit (a lecture delivered on 26 June 1865; Die Neue Zeit, XVI, 1897–98; Russian translation in the Molot edition, 1906, and the Lvovich edition, 1905). Aus dem literarischen Nachlass von K. Marx, Fr. Engels und F. Lassalle (Literary Remains of K. Marx, Fr. Engels and F. Lassalle), 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1902 (Russian translation edited by Axelrod and others, 2 vols., St Petersburg, 1908; vol. I also edited by E. Gurvich, Moscow, 1907; Lassalle’s letters to Marx, which are included in the Literary Remains, have been published separately). Letters of K. Marx, F. Engels and Others to Sorge (two Russian editions, one edited by Axelrod, the other with a preface by Lenin, Dauge edition). Theories of Surplus Value, 3 vols. in 4 parts, Stuttgart, 1905–10, the manuscript of the fourth volume of Capital, published by Kautsky (Russian translation of the first volume only, in three editions: St Petersburg, 1906, edited by Plekhanov; Kiev, 1906, edited by Zheleznov; Kiev, 1907, edited by Tuchapsky). In 1913 four large volumes of the Correspondence of K. Marx and Fr. Engels appeared in Stuttgart, containing 1,386 letters covering the period from September 1844 to 10 January 1883 and providing a mass of extremely valuable material for the study of Marx’s biography and views. In 1917 two volumes of Marx and Engels appeared: Articles of 1852–1862 (in German). In conclusion it must be noted about this list of Marx’s works that it does not yet include some of the smaller articles and individual letters, which appeared mostly in Die Neue Zeit, Vorwärts and other Social-Democratic periodicals in German; and the list of all the Russian translations of Marx is undoubtedly incomplete as well, especially as regards the pamphlets of 1905–06.

The literature on Marx and Marxism is exceedingly large. We shall note only the most essential, dividing the authors into three main groups: Marxists, who stand in essentials on Marx’s point of view; bourgeois writers, essentially hostile to Marxism; and revisionists, who claim to accept certain foundations of Marxism but in fact replace it by bourgeois views. The Narodnik attitude to Marx should be regarded as a peculiarly Russian variety of revisionism. W. Sombart in his “Ein Beitrag zur Bibliographie des Marxismus” (Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, XX, Heft 2, 1905, pp. 413–430) gives 300 titles in a list that is far from complete. To supplement it see the indexes to Die Neue Zeit for 1883–1907 and subsequent years. Then see Josef Stammhammer, Bibliographie des Sozialismus und Kommunismus, vols. I–III, Jena (1893–1909). For a detailed bibliography of Marxism one may also mention the Bibliographie der Sozialwissenschaften, Berlin, Jahrgang 1, 1905 and following. See also N. A. Rubakin, Among Books (vol. II, 2nd edition). We give here only the most essential. On Marx’s biography one must mention first of all the articles by Fr. Engels in the Volkskalender published by Bracke in Brunswick in 1878, and in the Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, vol. 6, pp. 600–603. W. Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtniss, Nuremberg, 1896. Lafargue, K. Marx. Persönliche Erinnerungen. W. Liebknecht, Karl Marx, 2nd edition, St Petersburg, 1906. P. Lafargue, My Recollections of K. Marx, Odessa, 1905 (see the original in Die Neue Zeit, IX, 1). In Memory of K. Marx, St Petersburg, 1908, 410 pages, a collection of articles by Y. Nevzorov, N. Rozhkov, V. Bazarov, Y. Steklov, A. Finn-Yenotayevsky, P. Rumyantsev, K. Renner, H. Roland-Holst, V. Ilyin, R. Luxemburg, G. Zinoviev, Y. Kamenev, P. Orlovsky and M. Tagansky. Fr. Mehring, Karl Marx. The extensive biography of Marx in English by the American socialist Spargo (Spargo, Karl Marx, his Life and Work, London, 1911) is unsatisfactory. For a general survey of Marx’s activity see K. Kautsky, Die historische Leistung von K. Marx. Zum 25. Todestag des Meisters, Berlin, 1908; Russian translation: K. Marx and his Historical Significance, St Petersburg, 1908. Compare also the popular pamphlet by Klara Zetkin, K. M. und sein Lebenswerk (1913). Reminiscences of Marx: by Annenkov in Vestnik Yevropy, 1880, No. 4 (and his Reminiscences, vol. III, A Remarkable Decade, St Petersburg, 1882); by Carl Schurz in Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1906, No. 12; by M. Kovalevsky in Vestnik Yevropy, 1909, VI and following.

On the philosophy of Marxism and on historical materialism the best exposition is by G. V. Plekhanov: Twenty Years, St Petersburg, 1909, 3rd edition; From Defence to Attack, St Petersburg, 1910; Fundamental Problems of Marxism, St Petersburg, 1908; A Critique of Our Critics, St Petersburg, 1906; On the Development of the Monist View of History, St Petersburg, 1908; and other works. Antonio Labriola, On the Materialist Conception of History, St Petersburg, 1898. The same author, Historical Materialism and Philosophy, St Petersburg, 1906. Fr. Mehring, On Historical Materialism, St Petersburg, 1906 (two editions, by Prosveshchenie and by Molot). The same author, The Lessing Legend, St Petersburg, 1908 (Znanie). Compare also (a non-Marxist) Ch. Andler, The Communist Manifesto. History, Introduction, Commentary, St Petersburg, 1906. See also Historical Materialism, St Petersburg, 1908, a collection of articles by Engels, Kautsky, Lafargue and many others. L. Axelrod, Philosophical Essays. A Reply to the Philosophical Critics of Historical Materialism, St Petersburg, 1906. A special defence of Dietzgen’s unfortunate deviations from Marxism is given by E. Untermann, Die logischen Mängel des engeren Marxismus, Munich, 1910 (753 pages; a large but not serious work). Hugo Riekes, “Die philosophische Wurzel des Marxismus”, in Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 62. Jahrgang, 1906, Heft 3, pp. 407–432, an interesting work by an opponent of Marx’s views who shows their philosophical integrity from the standpoint of materialism. Benno Erdmann, “Die philosophischen Voraussetzungen der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung”, in Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft (Schmollers Jahrbuch), 1907, Heft 3, pp. 1–56, a very useful formulation of some of the fundamental propositions of Marx’s philosophical materialism and a summary of the objections from the current standpoint of Kantianism and agnosticism in general. R. Stammler, Wirtschaft und Recht nach der materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung, 2nd edition, Leipzig, 1906 (a Kantian). Woltmann, Historical Materialism, Russian translation, 1901 (also a Kantian). Vorländer, Kant and Marx, St Petersburg, 1909 (likewise). Compare also the polemic between A. Bogdanov, V. Bazarov and others (Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism, St Petersburg, 1908; A. Bogdanov, The Fall of a Great Fetishism, Moscow, 1909, and other works) and V. Ilyin (Materialism and Empirio-Criticism, Moscow, 1909). On historical materialism and ethics: K. Kautsky, Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History, St Petersburg, 1906, and many other works by Kautsky. Then Boudin, Das theoretische System von K. Marx, Stuttgart, 1909 (L. B. Boudin, The Theoretical System of K. Marx in the Light of Recent Criticism, translated from the English, edited by V. Zasulich, St Petersburg, 1908). Hermann Gorter, Der historische Materialismus, 1909. Among the works of opponents of Marxism we may mention: Tugan-Baranovsky, The Theoretical Foundations of Marxism, St Petersburg, 1907. S. Prokopovich, Towards a Critique of Marx, St Petersburg, 1901. Hammacher, Das philosophisch-ökonomische System des Marxismus (Leipzig, 1910, 730 pages; a collection of quotations). W. Sombart, Socialism and the Social Movement in the Nineteenth Century, St Petersburg. Max Adler (a Kantian), Kausalität und Teleologie (Vienna, 1909, Marx-Studien) and Marx als Denker.

Worthy of attention is the book by the idealist Hegelian Giov. Gentile, La filosofia di Marx (Pisa, 1899); the author notes some important aspects of Marx’s materialist dialectics which usually escape the attention of Kantians, positivists and the like. Also Lévy, Feuerbach, on one of Marx’s most important philosophical predecessors. A useful collection of quotations from a number of Marx’s works is given by Chernyshev, The Marxist’s Notebook, St Petersburg (Delo), 1908. On Marx’s economic doctrine: K. Kautsky, The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx (numerous Russian editions); the same author, The Agrarian Question, The Erfurt Programme, and numerous pamphlets. Compare also Bernstein, The Economic Doctrine of Marx. The Third Volume of Capital (Russian translation, 1905); Gabriel Deville, Capital (a summary of vol. I of Capital, Russian translation, 1907). The representative of so-called revisionism among the Marxists on the agrarian question is E. David, Socialism and Agriculture (Russian translation, St Petersburg, 1902). For a critique of revisionism see V. Ilyin, The Agrarian Question, part I, St Petersburg, 1908. See also V. Ilyin, The Development of Capitalism in Russia, 2nd edition, St Petersburg, 1908, and the same author, Economic Studies and Articles, St Petersburg, 1899. V. Ilyin, New Data on the Laws of Development of Capitalism in Agriculture, part I, 1917. An application of Marx’s views, with some deviations, to the latest data on agrarian relations in France is given by Compère-Morel, La question agraire et le socialisme en France, Paris, 1912 (455 pages). For a further development of Marx’s economic views in application to the latest phenomena of economic life, see Hilferding, Finance Capital, St Petersburg, 1911 (for a correction of substantial errors in the author’s views on the theory of value see Kautsky in Die Neue Zeit: “Gold, Papier und Ware” [“Gold, Paper Money and Commodities”], 30, I, 1912, pp. 837, 886). V. Ilyin, Imperialism, the Latest Stage of Capitalism, 1917. P. Maslov, The Agrarian Question (2 vols.) and The Theory of the Development of the National Economy (St Petersburg, 1910), departs from Marxism on essential points. For a critique of some of these departures see Kautsky in Die Neue Zeit, XXIX, 1, 1911, the article “Malthusianism and Socialism”.

A critique of Marx’s economic doctrine from the standpoint of the theory of “marginal utility”, widespread among bourgeois professors: Böhm-Bawerk, Zum Abschluss des Marxschen Systems (Berlin, 1896, in Staatswissenschaftliche Arbeiten, Festgabe für K. Knies); there is a Russian translation, St Petersburg, 1897, Marx’s Theory and Its Critique; and the same author, Kapital und Kapitalzins, 2nd edition, Innsbruck, 1900–02, 2 vols. (Capital and Interest, St Petersburg, 1909). See further: Riekes, Wert und Tauschwert (1899); v. Bortkiewicz, “Wertrechnung und Preisrechnung im Marxschen System” (Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft, 1906–07); Leo v. Buch, Über die Elemente der politischen Ökonomie. I. Teil: Die Intensität der Arbeit, Wert und Preis (also published in Russian). An analysis of Böhm-Bawerk’s critique from the Marxist standpoint: Hilferding, Böhm-Bawerks Marx-Kritik (Marx-Studien, vol. I, Vienna, 1904), and smaller articles in Die Neue Zeit.

On the question of the two main trends in the interpretation and development of Marxism, the “revisionist” and the radical (“orthodox”), see Ed. Bernstein, The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social-Democracy (German original, Stuttgart, 1899; Russian translations: Historical Materialism, St Petersburg, 1901; Social Problems, Moscow, 1901); compare also the same author, Essays from the History and Theory of Socialism, St Petersburg, 1902. A reply to him: K. Kautsky, Bernstein and the Social-Democratic Programme (German original, Stuttgart, 1899; four Russian editions, 1905–06). From the French Marxist literature: Jules Guesde, Quatre ans de lutte des classes, En garde!, Questions d’hier et d’aujourd’hui (Paris, 1911); P. Lafargue, Le déterminisme économique de K. Marx (Paris, 1909). Ant. Pannekoek, Zwei Tendenzen in der Arbeiterbewegung.

On Marx’s theory of the accumulation of capital there is a new work by Rosa Luxemburg, Die Akkumulation des Kapitals (Berlin, 1913), and an analysis of her incorrect interpretation of Marx’s theory by Otto Bauer, “Die Akkumulation des Kapitals” (Die Neue Zeit, 31, 1913, I, pp. 831 and 862); also Eckstein in Vorwärts, 1913, and Pannekoek in the Bremer Bürger-Zeitung, 1913.

From the older Russian literature on Marx: B. Chicherin, “The German Socialists”, in Bezobrazov’s Collection of Political Sciences, St Petersburg, 1888, and History of Political Doctrines, part 5, Moscow, 1902, p. 156. The reply by Sieber, “The German Economists through Mr. Chicherin’s Spectacles”, in his Collected Works, vol. II, St Petersburg, 1900. L. Slonimsky, The Economic Doctrine of K. Marx, St Petersburg, 1898. N. Sieber, David Ricardo and K. Marx in Their Socio-Economic Researches, St Petersburg, 1885, and Collected Works, 2 vols., St Petersburg, 1900. The review of Capital by I. Kaufman (I. K—n) in Vestnik Yevropy, 1872, No. 5, is notable because Marx, in the afterword to the second edition of Capital, quoted I. K—n’s argument, recognising it as a correct account of his materialist-dialectical method.

The Russian Narodniks on Marxism: N. K. Mikhailovsky in Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1894, No. 10, and 1895, Nos. 1 and 2, reprinted in his collected works, on P. Struve’s Critical Remarks (St Petersburg, 1894), which were examined from the Marxist standpoint by K. Tulin (V. Ilyin) in Materials for a Characterisation of Our Economic Development (St Petersburg, 1895, destroyed by the censorship), reprinted in V. Ilyin, Twelve Years, St Petersburg, 1908. Further, from the Narodnik literature: V. V., Our Trends, St Petersburg, 1892. The same author, From the Seventies to the Nineteen-Hundreds, St Petersburg, 1907. Nikolai —on, Sketches of Our Post-Reform Social Economy, St Petersburg, 1893. V. Chernov, Marxism and the Agrarian Question, St Petersburg, 1906. The same author, Philosophical and Sociological Studies, St Petersburg, 1907.

Besides the Narodniks we may note: N. Kareyev, Old and New Studies on Historical Materialism, St Petersburg, 1896; 2nd edition, 1913, under the title A Critique of Economic Materialism. Masaryk, The Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Marxism, Moscow, 1900. Croce, Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx, St Petersburg, 1902.

For a correct appraisal of Marx’s views, an acquaintance with the works of his closest associate and collaborator, Frederick Engels, is absolutely necessary. It is impossible to understand Marxism, or to set it out as a whole, without taking account of all the works of Engels.

For a critique of Marx from the standpoint of anarchism see V. Cherkezov, The Doctrines of Marxism, St Petersburg, 1905, 2 parts; B. Tucker, Instead of a Book, Moscow, 1907. The syndicalist Sorel, Social Essays in Contemporary Economics, Moscow, 1908.